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Hyperthyroidism

S Sweating W Weight loss E Emotional liability (irritable) A Appetite increase …

Causes of Delirium

Pain Infection Nutrition - hypoglycaemia, B12, folate, low Na+, high Ca++ Constipation Hydration/hypoxia Medication Environment  

Bone metastasis

Cancers that metastasise to bone Thyroid Lung Breast Kidney Prostate

Clubbing Causes

Gastro Resp Cardiac IBS Bronchiectasis Endocarditis Cirrhosis Cystic Fibrosis Congential …

Bowel Obstruction

Vomiting Constipation Colic Distension Causes Common Rare Hernias (small bowel) Strictures (Cr…

Renal stone areas (anatomic sites of narrowing)

Renal pelvis ureter junction Ureteral crossing of the iliac vessels Vesicouteric junction 

Drug induced PF

Amiodarone Methotrexate 

Nitrates in patients

Chest pain Patients with possible inferior MIs should not be given nitrates (or be given with cautious) due to the potential for right-sided he…

Vomiting causing hypokalaemia

Causes vomiting via a number of different pathways   Hypovolaemia Vomiting triggers the release of aldosterone to try and increase the …

Anion gap

\(AIG=[Na^+ + K^+] - [Cl^- + HCO_3^-]\) Tells what the body is doing - creating more acid eg DKA, lactic acidosis 

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diagnostic criteria: High BM - >11 mmol/L Ketones - >3 mmol/L Acidosis  pH <7.3 Presentation: Deep laboured b…

Oxygen requirements

If the patient is receiving oxygen therapy their PaO2 should be approximately 10kPa less than the % inspired conce…

Pulmonary oedema due to HF exacerbation

Symptomatic relief - PODMAN Position Oxygen Diruetics Morphine Antiemetic Nitrates 

Aortic Stenosis

Syncope Angina Dyspnoea

Legionella antigen

  If someone comes in with fever + cough urine is usually tested to check for legionella Easy to rule it out 

Bone Ossification in Elbow

    Ossification Centre Age of Ossification C Capitellum 1 R Radial Head 3 …

Fall onto outstretched hand

Scaphoid Fracture Anatomical snuffbox pain Needs XR  Failure can lead to avscular necrosis + arthritis

Paediatric Skeletal Radiographs

Salter-Harris Classification Bone Anatomy Diagram

Osteoarthritis Radiograph

Loss of joint space Osteophytes Subchondral cysts Subchondral sclerosis

Laxative Types

Laxative Type When to Use When to avoid Examples Bulk-forming laxatives Diverticulitis, dietary fibre i…

Glaucoma Pathophysiology

Open angle glaucoma: Acute angle closure glaucoma

Eye Anatomy

Acute Red Eye

Causes of an acute painful red eye include: Acute angle-closure glaucoma Anterior uveitis Scleritis Corneal abrasions or ulcera…

Sick Day Rules

Some medications require good kidney function. During sick days or periods of dehydration they should be stopped to preserve the kidneys. Stop for 3 …

Structures per Vertebral Level

VERTEBRAL LEVEL LANDMARKS & STRUCTURES C1 Spinal root of accessory nerve crosses transverse process of atla…

Sickle Cell Crisis

The main aspects of managing sickle cell crisis are giving oxygen, analgesia e.g. opiates, and IV fluids.. Oxygen helps to counteract the defici…