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OD codeine to OD morphine conversion

The conversion factor between oral codeine and oral morphine is to divide by 10. This is based on the general consensus that the potency of oral…

Familial cancer syndromes

Gatekeepers - directly regularte tumours gene growth - division and death RB1, APC Care takers - improve genetic stability p53, BRC…

Parkinsonism features

TRAP features - Tremor - pill rolling / lead pipe tremor - resting - Rigidity - Akinesia/bradykinesia key - reduced blink, face expression,…

Anti-coagulation in Stroke with AF

If the CHADVASc score is higher than ORBIT anticoagulate

Dementia progression

Cannonball metastasis

C: choriocarcinoma/colorectal carcinoma R: renal cell carcinoma E: endometrial carcinoma S: synovial sarcoma …

Lead Poisoning

This condition classically presents with abdominal pain, constipation, peripheral neuropathy (mainly motor) and neuropsychiatric features. Haematolog…

Asthma exacerbation classification

  Moderate Increasing asthma symptoms PEFR >50-70% of best or predicted Severe …

Electrolyte imbalance

Electrolyte Hypo- Hyper- Sodium Range: <133mmol/L >146mmol/L   Symptoms: Con…

Foodborne GI infections

Product Pathogen Diary Campylobacter, Salmonella Eggs Salmonella Meats Clostrid…

Metabolic changes following trauma

Shock - blood loss, poor blood flow, low oxygen supply - catecholamines Hypercatabolism - increased basal metabolic rate, anaerobic metabo…

Pancreatic cancer

Ductal adenocarcinoma Most common pancreatic cancer - usually in head of pancreas ↑ risk with chronic pancreatitis, DM, alcohol H…

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Most common pancreatic cancer - usually in head of pancreas ↑ risk with chronic pancreatitis, DM, alcohol Hereditary with Lynch synd…

Pancreatitis

Acute - gland reverts to normal if underlying cause removed Chronic - irreversible loss of tissue Acute Relatively common - damage to exocri…

Liver function tests

ALT - Liver Tissue ALP - Liver Pipes  Test Description Alanine transaminase (ALT) An enzyme that is …

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Inherited abnormal anti-protease which cannot be exported from hepatocyte Accumulates in liver cells and damages them - cirrhosis Insufficien…

Wilson's disease

Inborn error of copper metabolism that usually presents at a younger age. Copper accumulates in: Liver \(\rightarrow\) cirrhosis Eyes \(…

Haemochromatosis

Inborn error of iron metabolism causing accumulation in: Liver \(\rightarrow\) cirrhosis Pancreas \(\rightarrow\) diabetes Skin \…

Colorectal cancer

3rd most common cancer (behind lung, breast/prostate) - TNM (was previously Dukes') Most common moderately well differentiated adenocarcinoma …

Colorectal polyps

Kinda opposite to diverticulitis - mucosal protrusion into lumen. Solitary or multiple, pedunculated, sessile or flat, small or large, due to patholo…

Diverticular disease

High intra-lumen pressure (due to lack of fibre) cause protrusions of mucosa and submucosa through the bowel wall - commonly sigmoid colon (areas tha…

Ischaemic bowel disease

Transient - 80% Acute fulminant & gangrenous Chronic segmental ulcerating (ischaemic stricture) Occlusive - arterial embolism Non-occ…

Ulcerative Colitis vs Crohn's disease

Ulcerative Colitis Crohn's Disease Distribution Rectum/colon Any part of GIT Histology…

Liver Tumours

Benign Liver tumours Hepatocyte adenoma - may be multiple, often driven by exogenous steroids, can be fatal if rupture Bile duct adenoma - lots…

Coeliac Disease

Immune mediated enteropathy when ingestion of wheat, rye or barley - anything containing gliadin Increased CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes V…

Gastric Cancer

Most commonly adenocarcinoma, less freq endocrine tumours, lymphomas, stromal tumours. TNM staging Adenocarcinoma of GOJ associated with reflux, b…