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Brain fibre types

Association - between areas in the same hemisphere eg cingulate gyrus Commissural - between areas in different hemispheres eg corpus callosum P…

Unhappy triad of knee injury

Sudden valgus impact with external or internal rotation medial collateral ligament medial lemniscus ACL

Brachial plexus

Syncope vs Seizure

Syncope Seizure Prolonged upright position before the event Epilepsy aura (smells,…

Vasovagal Syncope

Autonomic nervous system - vagus nerve stimulation, sudden parasympathetic nervous system stimulation due to event   BEFORE …

Arrhythmias

Normal Conduction Regular rhythm tachycardia Sinus tachycardia - from SAN - infection, pain, exercise, anxiety, dehydration, hypovo…

Space occupying lesion symptoms

Progressive focal neurological symptoms Space occupying → ICP & associated symptoms Constant headache Nocturnal (occurring a…

Epilepsy

Seizure type Location Before During After Treatment Generalised tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal) …

Meningitis

Bacterial causes - medical emergency: IM Benpen in GP When in hospital - if <3 months or >50 years = IV cefotaxine + amox Otherwise in…

Headaches

Type Description Cause Triggers Treatment Migraine Recurrent, throbbing headaches often accompanied…

Multiple Sclerosis

Relapsing remitting autoimmune condition - demyelination in the central nervous system Episodes of neurological dysfunction includi…

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain usually viral - HSV, West Nile, enterovirus Fever Headache AMS Seizures  Focal neurological deficits …

Bell's Palsy

Facial paralysis resulting from inflammation or compression of facial nerve (CN VII) Sudden onset Unilateral Drooping of the eyelid and cor…

Radiculopathies

Spinal roots are compressed or inflamed Pain Weakness Numbness Tingling Commonly due to: Disc herniation Spinal stenosis D…

Antibiotic Spectrum Coverage

Fluid prescriptions

All should have daily U&Es, FBCs, creatinine 25 to 30 ml/kg/day of water Approximately 1 mmol/kg/day of potassium, sodium and chloride. …

Scoring Tools

PESI score - The PESI score (Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) is recommended by the British Thoracic Society to identify PE patients who can b…

BNP

Released from cardiomyocytes in ventricule Can also be raised in sepsis  

Asthma Exacerbation Management

Oxygen Salbutamol Hydrocortisone  Ipratropium Theophylline  Magnesium sulphate  Escalate care

Cancer locations and gene mutations

Location Primary Secondary Lung non-small cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma larg…

T waves

Upright in all leads except aVR and V1 Amplitude < 5mm in limb leads, < 10mm in precordial leads (10mm males, 8mm females) Duration rela…

PE ECG changes

Some non-specific changes but in combination PE should be considered Sinus tachycardia – the most common abnormality (seen in 4…

Bundle Branch Block

In any BBB the T waves should be in the opposite direction to the last QRS deflection If this is not the cases - there is likely another cause f…

Bleomycin

Chemotherapy agent for HL and testicular cancer After treatment be very careful about giving supplemental high flow oxygen - do not give nebs&nb…

Mental State Exam Mnemonic

A - Appearance/Behaviour S - Speech E - Emotion (Mood and Affect) P - Perception (Auditory/Visual H…

Lump Exam

Site Size Shape   Contour Colour Consistency   Tethering Tenderness Transllumination   Fluctuance