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Hypoparathyroid

Underproduction of parathyroid hormone despite low calcium. Much rarer than hyperparathyroidism  Primary Causes DiGeorge syndrome …

Hyperparathyroid

More PTH increases serum calcium Symptoms from hypercalcaeimia: moans, groans, stones, and bones Polydipsia, polyuria and hypertension are comm…

Osteomalacia

Defective bone mineralisation causes "soft" bones due to insufficient vitamin D. The same process causes rickets in children.  Vita…

Differentiating features of leukaemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is the most common leukaemia in children and associated with Down syndrome Chronic lymphoblastic leukaemia is…

Viral exanthema

A wide spread rash that accompanies a viral infection. Quite common. Can appear anywhere but often start on face or trunk and then spread. Vir…

Clindamycin

Clindamycin is an antibiotic belonging to the lincosamide class, and it is commonly used as a second-line treatment for cellulitis when patients ar…

Notifiable diseases in the UK

Acute encephalitis Acute infectious hepatitis Acute meningitis Acute poliomyelitis Anthrax Botulism Brucellosis Cholera COVID-19 …

Fever in the returning traveller

Area of travel Common Occasional  Rare but don't miss Sub-Saharan Africa Malaria HIV…

Cardiorespiratory arrest

Danger - ensure safety of yourself and patient Response -  patient unresponsive and not breathing properly (without a central pulse) Shout…

Anaphylactic shock

Type I IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction. Release of histamine and other cytokines More common in atopic individuals Precipitants Dr…

Atopic individuals

People with a genetic predisposition to develop allergic conditions. Triad of: Asthma Eczema Food allergies 

Anti-coagulation with cancer

Tumour markers

Tumour marker Relevant cancer Use Other associated cancers Associated benign conditions Alpha-fetoprote…

Cancer red flags

Lung Symptomatic of SVC obstruction, stridor Haemoptysis Persistent/recurrent chest infection Finger clubbing Supraclavicular/cervical …

Tumour lysis syndrome

Chemotherapy for rapidly proliferating tumours (leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma) leads to cell death add ↑urate, K+, phosphate and ↓…

Pathological fractures

A fracture due to an underlying disease of the bone - usually a tumour, osteoporosis or Paget's disease of the bone. Occur with disproportionatel…

Type of fractures

Compound - when the skin is broken by the bone Stable - when the seconds of bone remain in alignment at the fracture   Terms …

Brain tumours

Gliomas Glial cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells. Gliomas are graded from 1 to 4. Grade 1 is the most benign (possibly cu…

Right heart valve disease

Tricuspid regurgitation Pan-systolic murmur - split second heart sound due to the pulmonary valve closing earlier than aortic as the right ventric…

Mitral valve disease

Mitral stenosis Restricting blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle Mid-diastolic low-pitched "rumbling" murmur due to low blood…

Arterial thrombosis

Brainstem rule of 4s

4 structures in the midline beginning with M motor pathway (corticospinal) medial lemniscus  motor nuclei for cranial nerves medial …

Inborn errors of metabolism

Hereditary fructose intolerance Missing enzyme aldolase B Fructose or sucrose hepatotoxic if ingested increased urate - low sugar Gala…

Identifying Chromosomal Disorders

Edwards syndrome Trisomy 18 Small head, small jaw Clenched fists Di George syndrome Part of chromosome 22 is deleted Developme…

Ansa cervicalis innervation

3/4 infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid 

Knee locking

As approaching extension, medial condyle rotates medially to lock   Unlocking by popliteus (tibial nerve) causing lateral rotation of the …