Looking for longer notes on diseases?

Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome

Asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) is diagnosed when you have symptoms of both asthma and COPD. The sum of both components if often worse than expec…

Bacterial vaginosis

Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria - not a STI Gardnerella vaginalis (most common) Mycoplasma hominis Prevotella species Can o…

Urinary Incontinence

Two types - urge and stress. Establishing the type is essential for management Urge Incontinence Over activity of the detrusor muscle -…

Testicular Torsion

Twisting of the spermatic cord with rotation around the testicle. Urological emergency Typical patient is teenage boy - but can occur at any …

NHS Screening Programs

In pregnancy Infectious diseases - Hep B, HIV and syphilis Down's syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Edwards' syndrome Sickle cell and…

Self Harm

The majority of self-poisoning episodes involve prescribed or over-the-counter medication, and a minority involve illicit drugs, other household s…

Substance Misuse Disorder

Cannabis is most common in 16-59 then cocaine and ecstasy But alcohol misuse is the fifth biggest risk factor for death across all ages…

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Alcohol prevents the absorption of thiamine by blocking thiamine pyrophosphate synthetase, resulting in thiamine deficiency. The main sy…

Somatisation

For when psychological pathology produces symptoms in other body systems.  Chest pains Palpitations  Tiredness Dizziness Back…

Influenza

RNA virus, A, B and C types Type A has H and N subtypes eg, H5N1 Outbreaks typically occur in winter  Vaccine - free on the NHS…

Varicella zoster virus

Causes chicken pox. Highly contagious, generalised vesicular rash. Most common in children. One episode develops immunity to the virus. Patients b…

COVID 19

Acute - signs and symptoms consistent with COVID-19 for up to 4 weeks Ongoing symptomatic - Symptoms 4-12 weeks after an infection …

Hospital Acquired Infections

C. diff Treatment of a patient with antibiotics, PPIs eg, allows the bacteria to grow unregulated → symptoms Spore are released in …

Anal fissure

A tear in the mucosal lining of the anal canal - most commonly due to trauma from defecation Acute - present for less than 6 weeks Chronic - pr…

Haemorrhoids

Abnormal swellings of the vascular mucosal anal cushions around the anus. Women are predisposed to developing haemorrhoids during pregnancy - bulk…

Turp syndrome

fluid overload dilutional hyponatraemia neurotoxicity   life threatening triad of symptoms- complication of bph

Clostridium Difficile

Gram-positive, rod-shaped anaerobe Opportunistic when antibiotics remove other bacterial competition and can get out of control. Toxins produed - …

GI Embryology

Gut tube Dorsal mesentery (back) from lower oesophagus to cloaca Ventral mesentery (front) from lower oesophagus to 1st part of duodenum Tra…

Celiac trunk

Rectum physiology

Rectal valves reduce pressure on sphincters from gravity Sharp angles slows stools  …

Small intestine anatomy

Duodenum 4 parts:  Wraps around head of pancreas Supplied by celiac trunk, SMA, sup, mid & inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery …

Peritoneal reflections

Parietal peritoneum - layers lining the surface walls  Visceral peritoneum - layer that covers a larger continuous layer like pleura  …

Colon physiology

Bacterial digestion Fibre \(\rightarrow H_2 + CH_4 + \text{short chain fatty acids}\) Urea + amino acids \(\rightarrow NH_4\) Bili…

Upper GI secretions

Secretions: What Source Bile salts Liver Bicarbonate ions Pancreas Trypsin, chym…

Stomach and oesophagus physiology

Oesophagus Nerve plexus on it so need to be careful  Through diaphragm T10    Stomach Secretions: …

Mouth physiology

Saliva pH 6.2-7.6, hypotonic Submandibular gland - mixed serum + mucous, lysosomes, more background supply  Parotid gland - larges…