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#Endocrinology

Hypercalcaemia

Jan. 21, 2024

Mild Polyuria, polydipsia Mood disturbance Nausea, fatigue constipation Anorexia Severe Abdo pain Coma Pancreatitis Card…

#Geriatrics #Orthopaedics

Osteoporosis

Jan. 21, 2024

Decreased bone mass + deranged bone microarchitecture = failure of structural integrity Aging, glucocorticoids - DEXA + XR for diagnosis C…

#Orthopaedics

Bone

Jan. 21, 2024

Cortical bone - hard outer layer Trabecular bone - spongy inner layer Osteoblasts - create and replair new bone $\rightarrow$ become osteocytes Os…

#Endocrinology #OBGYN

Gestational Diabetes

Jan. 21, 2024

New in pregnancy HbA1c not recommended Similar risk factors to T2 diabetes High risks for pregnancy - macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, still birth…

#Endocrinology #Oncology

Insulinomas

Jan. 21, 2024

F >> M most common tumour of islet of Langerhans Need paired insulin and BM levels - \(\uparrow\) peptide C also indicates

#Endocrinology

Addison's Disease

Jan. 21, 2024

Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency - not enough steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol in the main issue Autoimmune is most co…

#Endocrinology

Conn's syndrome

Jan. 21, 2024

Hyperaldosteronism - primary and secondary Primary: adrenal cortex hyperplasia, adenoma (intrinsic) Secondary - renal artery stenosis, heart f…

#Endocrinology

Cushing's Syndrome

Jan. 21, 2024

Where too much cortisol is present. Dynamic suppression test needed - dexamethasoneshould reduce ACTH and cortisol. Classic features - moon face cent…

#Endocrinology

Adrenal Gland

Jan. 21, 2024

Cortex: zona Glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids, aldosterone zona Fasciculata - glucocorticoids, cortisol zona Reticularis - androgens, DHEA …

#Endocrinology #Oncology

Thyroid tumours

Jan. 21, 2024

Thyroid follicular adenoma Commonest cause of solitary thyroid nodule Solid mass with fibrous capsule - normally non functioning Wide age r…

#Endocrinology

Pituitary Gland

Jan. 21, 2024

Anterior: GH, LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin Posterior: Oxytocin, ADH Almost always benign tumours, origin may be of any hormone…

#ID #Neurology

Acute progressive viral encephalitis

Jan. 21, 2024

Highest case fatality of any infectious disease Prodromal phase - fever, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue, tingling at site of wound Furio…

#Neurology

CSF abnormalities in meningitis

Jan. 21, 2024

Condition Appearance Cells Protein Glucose Normal Clear, colourless 0-5 lymphocytes   …

#Cardiovascular

Rheumatic Fever

Jan. 21, 2024

Complication of Group A Strep pharyngitis (Strep pyogenes) Children in developing countries Untreated Strep pyogenes + immune cross reactivit…

#Cardiovascular

Myocarditis

Jan. 21, 2024

Inflammation of myocardium Electrical dysfunctions - arrhythmias/sudden death Mechanical dysfunction - heart failure Viruses, Post Group …

#Cardiovascular

Pericarditis

Jan. 21, 2024

Inflammation of pericardial sac - reduces effectiveness of contractions Acute - serofibrinous, caseous, haemorrhagic & purulent Chronic -…

#Cardiovascular

Endocarditis

Jan. 21, 2024

Infection and inflammation of the endocardium, mainly involving valves Structurally abnormal valves (rheumatic heart disease etc) Foreign mat…

#Acute #Cardiovascular

Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal)

Jan. 21, 2024

Type of vasculitis (hypersensitivity type IV) affecting large arteries in head - can lead to blindness Older individuals, F>M, PMH of polymy…

#Cardiovascular

Aneurysm

Jan. 21, 2024

Localised abnormal dilation of blood vessel or the wall of the heart True aneurysm - all three layers of artery are involved False/pseudoaneury…

#Acute #Haem

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Jan. 21, 2024

Type of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, antibodies against ADAMTS13 enzyme. So vWF cannot be broken down leading to many clots aquired f…

#Drug #Haem

Anti-platelets

Jan. 21, 2024

Aspirin Inactivates platelet cyclooxygenase reducing thromboxane A2. Irreversible effect 4-5 days P2Y\(_{12}\) antagonist Prevent pl…

#Cardiovascular #Drug #Haem

Anticoagulants

Jan. 21, 2024

Heparin Increases the ability of antithrombin molecule to irreversibly inhibit thrombin, IXa, Xa, XIa. LMWH - mainly inhibits FXa only, less mo…

#Haem

Acquired bleeding disorders

Jan. 21, 2024

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Excess clotting uses up all clotting factors which leads to excessive bleeding. Microvascular thrombosis $\…

#Haem

Neonate Haematology

Jan. 21, 2024

Where is blood made in utero Day 18 to 3m in yolk sac 3m to 6m liver and spleen 6m onward bone marrow Haemoglobin: \(\alpha^2\) + \…

#Haem #OBGYN

Haematological changes in pregnancy

Jan. 21, 2024

Plasma volume \(\uparrow\) 50%, RBC \(\uparrow\) 25%, so dilutation occurs, maximally at 32 weeks. Increases folic acid requirements Leukocyto…

#Haem

Thalassaemia

Jan. 21, 2024

Change in globin gene expression leads to reduced rate of synthesis of normal globin chains. Pathology due to excess of unaffected chain in blood. …

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Here's a collection of short useful bits of info that can be looked up easily. These usually don't fit anywhere else but are important.

Tags

  1. #Acute
  2. #AIassisted
  3. #Antibiotic
  4. #Cardiovascular
  5. #Dermatology
  6. #Drug
  7. #Endocrinology
  8. #ENT
  9. #Examination
  10. #Geriatrics
  11. #Haem
  12. #Incomplete
  13. #ID
  14. #MSK
  15. #Nephrology
  16. #Neurology
  17. #Oncology
  18. #Ophthalmology
  19. #Orthopaedics
  20. #OSCE
  21. #Psychiatry
  22. #Radiology
  23. #Reproductive
  24. #Respiratory
  25. #Rheumatology
  26. #Surgery
  27. #Symptom
  28. #Urology
  29. #Paediatrics
  30. #OBGYN
  31. #Gastroenterology
  32. #Genetics
  33. #Neonatology
  34. #Hepatology