ALPHA
Upper limb
Rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis Radial supplies all extensors FDP - medial: ulnar | lateral: me…
Continue readingLower limb
Thigh Anterior: femoral nerve | Medial: Obturator | Posterior: Tibial Exceptions to this Psoas major and minor - anterior rami Add…
Continue readingSkull Anatomy
Pterion formed of joining of parietal, frontal, sphenoid and temporal Trauma \(\rightarrow\) ruptured middle meningeal \(\rightarrow\) extra…
Continue readingNecrotising fasciitis
Rapidly progressive, live threatening, tracking along fascia cutting off blood supply \(\rightarrow\) necrosis Type 1: Synergistic/poly-microbi…
Continue readingBone
Cortical bone - hard outer layer Trabecular bone - spongy inner layer Osteoblasts - create and replair new bone $\rightarrow$ become osteocytes Os…
Continue readingOsteoporosis
Decreased bone mass + deranged bone microarchitecture = failure of structural integrity Aging, glucocorticoids - DEXA + XR for diagnosis C…
Continue readingOsteomyelitis
Infection of bone - acute pain swelling, pathological fracture Acute a/w inflammatory reaction, fulminant, sepsis Chronic - present for >1 m…
Continue readingSeptic Arthritis
Usualy bacterial infection of joint. Haematogenous - blood stream infection Local spread - soft tissue, bone, bursitis Penetrating - joint …
Continue readingFall onto outstretched hand
Scaphoid Fracture Anatomical snuffbox pain Needs XR Failure can lead to avscular necrosis + arthritis
Continue readingRadiculopathies
Spinal roots are compressed or inflamed Pain Weakness Numbness Tingling Commonly due to: Disc herniation Spinal stenosis D…
Continue readingUnhappy triad of knee injury
Sudden valgus impact with external or internal rotation medial collateral ligament medial lemniscus ACL
Continue readingKnee locking
As approaching extension, medial condyle rotates medially to lock Unlocking by popliteus (tibial nerve) causing lateral rotation of the …
Continue readingType of fractures
Compound - when the skin is broken by the bone Stable - when the seconds of bone remain in alignment at the fracture Terms …
Continue readingPathological fractures
A fracture due to an underlying disease of the bone - usually a tumour, osteoporosis or Paget's disease of the bone. Occur with disproportionatel…
Continue readingOsteomalacia
Defective bone mineralisation causes "soft" bones due to insufficient vitamin D. The same process causes rickets in children. Vita…
Continue readingBone changes in osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid
Osteoarthritis LOSS - irregular bone remodelling: Loss of joint space Osteophyte formation (bony spurs protrude out) Sclerosis (underl…
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