ALPHA
Hypothyroid in pregnancy
Increase levothyroxine in pregnancy (+25-50mg)
Continue readingPolycystic ovary syndrome
Endocrine disorder characterised by hyperandrogenism + insulin resistance \(\uparrow\) LH \(\downarrow\) FSH \(\rightarrow\) hyperand…
Continue readingFibrocystic change
Benign hormonally mediated breast changes Cyst formation, mild calcification, stromal fibrosis and mild epithelial hyperplasia without atypia …
Continue readingFibroadenomas
Well defined mobile breast mass/lump Proliferation of both epithelial and stromal components
Continue readingDuctal carcinoma in situ
Malignant clonal proliferation of cells within structures Precursor of invasive carcinoma Most commonly identified as microcalcification Inv…
Continue readingEndometriosis
Ectopic endometrial tissue Bleeding into tissues $\rightarrow$ fibrosis Surgical ablation of lesions is definitive treatment
Continue readingEndometrial polyps
Endometrial overgrowths Almost all benign - but risk of malignancy increases with age Removal recommended
Continue readingEndometrial hyperplasia
Obesity, PCOS, estrogen exposure - treatment by reducing exposure Simple with normal stroma:gland complex \(\uparrow\) glands:\(\downarrow\) str…
Continue readingEndometrial cancer
2 types of adenocarcinomas (Type 1 endometrioid, Type 2 serous) FIGO staging Lynch syndrome also increases risk of endometrial cancer (MLH1) …
Continue readingLeiomyoma
Benign smooth muscle tumour aka uterine fibroids Can be asymptomatic Very common gyne condition
Continue readingOvarian Cancer
Often presents late due to the non-specific symptoms resulting in a worse prognosis. Presents with abdominal bloating, early satiety, pelvic pain, pe…
Continue readingInfections in Pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis Other (syphilis, HIV, Coxsackie, HBV, VZV) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex disease Intramniotic Chorioamnio…
Continue readingHaematological changes in pregnancy
Plasma volume \(\uparrow\) 50%, RBC \(\uparrow\) 25%, so dilutation occurs, maximally at 32 weeks. Increases folic acid requirements Leukocyto…
Continue readingGestational Diabetes
New in pregnancy HbA1c not recommended Similar risk factors to T2 diabetes High risks for pregnancy - macrosomia, pre-eclampsia, still birth…
Continue readingMeigs syndrome
A triad of a benign ovarian tumour (usually a fibroma) pleural effusion ascites
Continue readingBacterial vaginosis
Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria - not a STI Gardnerella vaginalis (most common) Mycoplasma hominis Prevotella species Can o…
Continue readingInsulin dose changes
DKA: long-acting insulin should be continued, short-acting insulin should be stopped (to prevent hypos after the fixed rate insulin is stopped) …
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