Alport syndrome

Alport = All ports affected (eyes, ears, urine) Faulty gene causing a type 4 collagen defect Characterized by glomerulonephritis, end-stage k…

Anti-glomerular basement membrane

Anti-GBM previously known as Goodpasture's syndrome haemoptysis + haematuria + proteinuria

Different vasculitis

Vasculitis Vessels Lab Findings Key Features Henoch-Schonlein Purpur…

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Cancer from renal tubular epithelium. Two most common types: Clear cell - (white cells) 75% Papillary - (papillary carcinoma) 10% Family…

Wilms' tumour

aka Nephroblastoma Children under 5 with genetic syndromes what affect WT1 gene eg Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome (large tongue)

Vesicoureteral reflux

When urine flows backwards from the bladder to the ureter. young people <2 y/o congential usually grow out of

Urolithiasis

Stones forming in the lumen of the urinary tract, anywhere from renal calyx \(\rightarrow\) bladder. Types: Calcium oxalate 70% - raised c…

Neurogenic bladder

Inability to properly empty bladder due to neurological damage. UMN → spastic LMN → flaccid. Secondary infections an…

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Increased number of both stromal and glandular cells in the prostate. Growth can compress urethra leading to: Urinary stasis - infection and st…

Kidney Failure

Stage GFR Description Treatment 1 90+ Normal Other check other markers 2 60-89 …

Renal Manifestations of Diabetes

Damaged basement membrane = extracellular matrix production Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules Small vessel damage = ischaemia and tubular damage O…

Amyloidosis

AL amyloid due to myeloma AA amyloid due to chronic inflammatory conditions Depositions of protein in glomerulus = impaired filtration

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction against tubules due to drugs or infection Presents with AKI

Glomerulonephritis

Name Cause Most common presentation Minimal change disease ? autoimmune children with nephrotic, little…

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Autosomal dominant PCKD - PKD1/2 mutation Presentation: ESRF Also may have liver cysts, berry aneurysms, heart valve problems Autosomal …

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Autoimmune connect tissue disorder Classic 4 symptoms of SLE: Photosensitive malar rash Multiple mouth ulcers Arthralgia Alopecia …

Electrolyte imbalance

Electrolyte Hypo- Hyper- Sodium Range: <133mmol/L >146mmol/L   Symptoms: Con…

Sick Day Rules

Some medications require good kidney function. During sick days or periods of dehydration they should be stopped to preserve the kidneys. Stop for 3 …

Anion gap

\(AIG=[Na^+ + K^+] - [Cl^- + HCO_3^-]\) Tells what the body is doing - creating more acid eg DKA, lactic acidosis 

Vomiting causing hypokalaemia

Causes vomiting via a number of different pathways   Hypovolaemia Vomiting triggers the release of aldosterone to try and increase the …

Osteomalacia

Defective bone mineralisation causes "soft" bones due to insufficient vitamin D. The same process causes rickets in children.  Vita…

Chronic kidney disease stages

Diabetic Nephropathy

Complication of poorly controlled diabetes. Diffuse glomerulosclerosis - thickening of the basement membrane Nodular sclerosis - increase i…

Turp syndrome

fluid overload dilutional hyponatraemia neurotoxicity   life threatening triad of symptoms- complication of bph

Diahorrea and Vomiting Electrolytes

Shooting stuff down pH goes down, bringing stuff up pH goes up   Prolonged diarrhoea may result in a metabolic acidosis associated with hy…

Urea:Creatinine Ratio

Working out Urea:Creatinine easily Divide the creatinine by 10, if the urea is higher than creatinine then think pre-renal cause. Eg if creatin…

Electrolyte disturbances in AKI and CKD

Kidneys are primarily responsible for the excretion of potassium from the body. Potassium secretion is enhanced by sodium absorption through Na/K pum…

Causes of hyponatremia

PPI TACO: PPIs Thiazides ACEi/ARBs Carbamazepine Opioids