ALPHA
Head and Neck
Digastric anterior belly supplied by CN V3 Digastric posterior belly supplied by CN VII Both insert onto intermediate tendon Lateral rectus …
Continue readingAuditory pathway
Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes (MIS) Oval window transmits the waves, round window releases them Hair cells sit on basilar membrane with tip…
Continue readingEar Infections
Otitis Externa - 90% bacterial, S. aurerus, becomes maligant/life threatening when spreads to skull base Otitis Media - middle ear infection, viru…
Continue readingVocal cord nodules/polyps
Singers disease as caused by excessive + improper use of voice. Can also be caused by infection, hypothyroidism + smoking Nodule nearly always …
Continue readingSinonasal polyps
Non-neoplastic swellings of sinonasal mucosa - surgery to treat Nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, headaches Bilateral polyps, asthma and aspiri…
Continue readingOral Cavity Carcinoma
Majority arise in areas of pre-existing epithelial dysplasia Tobacco, alcohol, HPV, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Fanconi anaemia
Continue readingLaryngeal Carcinoma
25 % of head and neck cancers Smoking alcohol, M>F Hoarseness, dyspnea
Continue readingSalivary gland tumours
Pleomorphic salivary adenoma Most common tumour - usually in parotid Slow growing painless - can undergo malignant transformation
Continue readingOesophagitis
Usually viral (HSV, CMV) or fungal (candida). Can be chemical Commonest form caused by reflux of gastric acid/bile Reflux oesophagitis …
Continue readingBarrett's oesophagus
Long standing reflux leads to metaplasia of stratified squamous mucosa to simple columnar mucosa/intestinal morphology Pre malignant condition …
Continue readingOesophageal carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma - other carcinogens - HPV, alcohol, burns... Adenocarcinoma - caused by Barrett's oesophagus - mainly caucasians …
Continue readingAnsa cervicalis innervation
3/4 infrahyoid muscles: omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
Continue readingMouth physiology
Saliva pH 6.2-7.6, hypotonic Submandibular gland - mixed serum + mucous, lysosomes, more background supply Parotid gland - larges…
Continue readingPharyngeal pouch
dysphagia regurgitation halitosis age 70+ surgical resection
Continue readingAntibiotics in Pharyngitis
Ampicillin and amoxicillin should be avoided in patients with pharyngitis when glandular fever is considered a possibility as it may cause…
Continue readingPost-tonsillectomy haemorrhage
All post-tonsillectomy haemorrhages should be assessed by ENT Secondary haemorrhage after a tonsillectomy is that which occurs over 24 hours post-…
Continue readingVestibular neuritis vs viral labyrinthitis
Viral labyrinthitis stereotypical history: recently developed an upper respiratory tract infection presents with vertigo and vomiting. Hearing is als…
Continue readingRamsay Hunt syndrome
Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus) is caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the geniculate ganglion of the s…
Continue readingParotid swelling differentials
Mumps Viral respiratory droplet infection Usually self limiting that lasts for a week Initial period of prodrome: Fever Muscle ach…
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