| Sodium |
Range: <133mmol/L |
>146mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Confusion, seizures, nausea |
Agitatied, tachycardic/tachypneaic |
| |
Management: Correct underlying cause, hypertonic saline slowly (to prevent central pontine myelinolysis) |
Fluid restrict, with hypotonic saline slowly (to prevent cerebral edema) |
| Potassium |
Range: <3.5mmol/L |
>5.5mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Weakness, arrhythmias - T wave inversion, QTc prolongation, muscle cramps |
Muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias - tented T waves, QTc shortening, abdo pain |
| |
Management: Oral or IV potassium supplements |
Calcium gluconate, insulin and dextrose, kayexalate |
| Calcium |
Range: <2.1mmol/L |
>2.6mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Weakness, nausea, muscle cramps, Trousseau and Chvostek sign |
Weakness, nausea, cramping, constipation |
| |
Management: Calcium supplementation, vitamin D, treat underlying causes |
Hydration, loop diuretics, bisphosphonates, treat underlying conditions |
| Magnesium |
Range: <0.7mmol/L |
>1.1mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Associated with hypokalemia muscle weakness, tremors, Trousseau and Chvostek sign |
Decreased consciousness, confusion, absence of reflexes |
| |
Management: Magnesium supplements, identify and treat underlying causes |
IV calcium gluconate, diuretics, dialysis in severe cases |
| Chloride |
Range: <96mmol/L |
>106mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Lack of symptoms, $\uparrow\uparrow$ confusion and swelling |
Same as hypo |
| |
Management: Address underlying cause, chloride replacement |
Diuretics, fluid restriction, treat underlying conditions |
| Phosphate |
Range: <0.8mmol/L |
>1.5mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Weakness, decreased bone density, muscle cramps |
Same as hypo |
| |
Management: Phosphate supplements, treat underlying causes |
Restrict phosphate intake, manage underlying conditions |
| Bicarbonate |
Range: <22mmol/L |
>30mmol/L |
| |
Symptoms: Dyspnea, confusion, weakness |
Increased thirst, nausea, abdominal pain |
| |
Management: Treat underlying cause, bicarbonate supplementation |
Correct acid-base imbalance, manage underlying conditions |
ALPHA